So, you have your assignment title – and the deadline that goes with it, what next?
You need to find information that will help you write that assignment. Start doing this without some kind of plan and you risk hours of looking without much success. So you need to make a plan.
1. Begin with your title
Look at your title and pick out the key words that you need to search for in order to answer the question. Here’s an example:
How effective is cognitive behaviour therapy in reducing chronic pain in adults
Words to include: Cognitive behaviour therapy, Chronic pain, adults
Words to ignore: effective, reducing
2. Find the alternatives
Once you have identified words in the title, consider alternatives or related terms. For example acronyms or abbreviations for a term; American / English spelling variations; alternative ways of describing a term (synonyms); related topics. The more variations you have to include in your search the greater chance you have of finding the material you need.
3. Get organised
There are various ways you can organise your thoughts and make sure you have considered all the options. You may like to draw a spider diagram with your question / title in the middle and all the terms / topics / sub-questions you can think of around the outside.
A technique many people use is PICO. This helps you break your topic down under 4 key headings, which can help you understand what you are searching for, and help you define your keywords. The PICO headings are: population / patient / problem; Intervention; Control / comparison / Outcome. For example:
P = adults / adult / specific age groups e.g older adults
I = cognitive behaviour therapy / cbt / psychotherapy / cognitive therapy / cognitive treatment / behavioural therapy
C = drugs / drug therapy / pain killers / specific drugs
O = pain reduction / pain control / pain management / pain assessment / pain level / chronic pain / suffering / specify type of pain e.g. low back pain
4. Link it all together
Once you feel you have identified all the relevant terms you are nearly ready to start searching, however once you begin to enter terms into a database you will need to connect them together. Boolean Operators are used to connect terms in a search.
“OR” is used to connect related terms (e.g. cognitive behaviour therapy OR cbt). This allows you to include your related terms in a search and broadens out the search.
“AND” is used to connect different terms (e.g. cognitive behaviour therapy AND chronic pain). This allows you to make your search specific and cuts out any results which only covers one of your terms.
“NOT” is used to exclude a particular aspect of a topic (e.g pain reduction NOT drugs).
So your final search might look something like:
adults OR adult OR older adults
AND
cognitive behaviour therapy OR cbt OR psychotherapy OR cognitive therapy OR cognitive treatment OR behavioural therapy
AND
pain reduction OR pain control OR pain management OR pain assessment OR pain level OR chronic pain OR suffering
5. Still not sure?
If you want some further advice on planning a search or how to search specific databases then contact your Academic Support Librarian – you can find our contact details on the About Us page of this blog.
Showing posts with label search skills. Show all posts
Showing posts with label search skills. Show all posts
Monday, 29 November 2010
Tuesday, 23 November 2010
Finding the evidence: choosing where to look
There are many places you can search for information to support your arguments. One of the most confusing elements of searching is knowing where to go to find the evidence you need.
Choosing the right location is really important to finding information as easily as you can. However there is no single place that will always answer your questions, different assignments will lead to different searches.
Here is an example:
Has the Department of Health’s 2003 Tacking Health Inequalities report changed the impact of poverty on mortality rates?
Use the internet to find:
The report mentioned – either by searching Google or going straight to the Department of Health website if you know it.
Links to UK government statistics on poverty and mortality rates from before and after the report
Use textbooks to find:
Broader information and commentaries on health inequalities as a topic
Use databases to find:
Latest information, primary evidence and specific research into topics around this written in journal articles for example clinical trials that evidence how mortality rates within an impoverished inner city area are higher for a condition that in an affluent suburb.
You can find more detailed information on finding and using different databases and the library catalogue elsewhere in our blog. If you want to keep up to date with new articles and posts, why not follow us on twitter.
Choosing the right location is really important to finding information as easily as you can. However there is no single place that will always answer your questions, different assignments will lead to different searches.
Here is an example:
Has the Department of Health’s 2003 Tacking Health Inequalities report changed the impact of poverty on mortality rates?
Use the internet to find:
The report mentioned – either by searching Google or going straight to the Department of Health website if you know it.
Links to UK government statistics on poverty and mortality rates from before and after the report
Use textbooks to find:
Broader information and commentaries on health inequalities as a topic
Use databases to find:
Latest information, primary evidence and specific research into topics around this written in journal articles for example clinical trials that evidence how mortality rates within an impoverished inner city area are higher for a condition that in an affluent suburb.
You can find more detailed information on finding and using different databases and the library catalogue elsewhere in our blog. If you want to keep up to date with new articles and posts, why not follow us on twitter.
Thursday, 18 November 2010
Finding the evidence: So what's wrong with google...
Google and other search engines are quick and easy ways to find answers to your questions, but you cannot rely on them entirely when searching for the evidence for your assignments.
Personal / social web surfing is different to academic searching so you may need to look in different places. Just because you use google / wikipedia to find out answers to questions you are interested in does not mean these should necessarily be your first port of call when producing an academic assignment.
You need to find trustworthy evidence for your assignments, and the major difficulty in searching the web is that you don’t necessarily have the background knowledge to do this. If you are researching a condition or a treatment that you have never heard of then it becomes very difficult to decide whether websites you come across are accurate and truthful and therefore suitable for your work. You really need to find sources of evidence that add to the quality and credibility of your work; using google might feel easier than learning how to use academic databases, but bear in mind the effort you then need to put in to evaluate what you find.
Google is not ‘bad’ – neither is wikipedia for that matter, but web based resources have their limits.
What does Google do well?
- Huge coverage and up to date information
- Easy and familiar search interface
- Options for advanced features
- Google Scholar allows you to search academic content & focuses on journal articles, if searching from on campus this will tie in to our Find It links to help you get the full text.
- “Define:” feature allows you to locate definitions of a term where they appear on the web.
- Domain searching (within the advanced options) allows you to search within an area of the internet, for example “.nhs.uk”.
What’s missing from a google search?
- Opportunity to build a systematic search structure or combine searches easily
- Facility to truly narrow down results using limits as you can in a database
- Features such as saving your search or specific results to return to at a later date
- A lot of academic material, such as journal articles, may not appear in a google search - Google Scholar is better for this as it focuses more on ‘scholarly literature’.
So what should i use google for?
- To find websites where they are needed, for example locating what patient information is available on a condition, or finding product information for a device or aid.
- To navigate to websites for professional / government / charitable organisations such as Department of Health.
Where else should i go for my research?
- Start with textbooks, encyclopedias and dictionaries to understand your key terms – if you don’t understand your topic you can’t research it properly.
- Find the latest research articles in academic databases; you may use something like google scholar as part of this (this works better on campus as it then links automatically to our full text resources).
- Search in subject gateways on the web - try Intute or NHS Evidence - these allow you to search as if you were somewhere like google, but the resources have been evaluated or checked to some degree to ensure you are not finding inaccurate or unsafe information.
- Consider web content that might be useful for example professional or government information.
How do I learn how to use these tools?
You can get help from your Academic Support Librarian on how to locate books / dictionaries etc and how to use the databases we have access to. You can find our contact information on the About Us page of our blog.
Personal / social web surfing is different to academic searching so you may need to look in different places. Just because you use google / wikipedia to find out answers to questions you are interested in does not mean these should necessarily be your first port of call when producing an academic assignment.
You need to find trustworthy evidence for your assignments, and the major difficulty in searching the web is that you don’t necessarily have the background knowledge to do this. If you are researching a condition or a treatment that you have never heard of then it becomes very difficult to decide whether websites you come across are accurate and truthful and therefore suitable for your work. You really need to find sources of evidence that add to the quality and credibility of your work; using google might feel easier than learning how to use academic databases, but bear in mind the effort you then need to put in to evaluate what you find.
Google is not ‘bad’ – neither is wikipedia for that matter, but web based resources have their limits.
What does Google do well?
- Huge coverage and up to date information
- Easy and familiar search interface
- Options for advanced features
- Google Scholar allows you to search academic content & focuses on journal articles, if searching from on campus this will tie in to our Find It links to help you get the full text.
- “Define:” feature allows you to locate definitions of a term where they appear on the web.
- Domain searching (within the advanced options) allows you to search within an area of the internet, for example “.nhs.uk”.
What’s missing from a google search?
- Opportunity to build a systematic search structure or combine searches easily
- Facility to truly narrow down results using limits as you can in a database
- Features such as saving your search or specific results to return to at a later date
- A lot of academic material, such as journal articles, may not appear in a google search - Google Scholar is better for this as it focuses more on ‘scholarly literature’.
So what should i use google for?
- To find websites where they are needed, for example locating what patient information is available on a condition, or finding product information for a device or aid.
- To navigate to websites for professional / government / charitable organisations such as Department of Health.
Where else should i go for my research?
- Start with textbooks, encyclopedias and dictionaries to understand your key terms – if you don’t understand your topic you can’t research it properly.
- Find the latest research articles in academic databases; you may use something like google scholar as part of this (this works better on campus as it then links automatically to our full text resources).
- Search in subject gateways on the web - try Intute or NHS Evidence - these allow you to search as if you were somewhere like google, but the resources have been evaluated or checked to some degree to ensure you are not finding inaccurate or unsafe information.
- Consider web content that might be useful for example professional or government information.
How do I learn how to use these tools?
You can get help from your Academic Support Librarian on how to locate books / dictionaries etc and how to use the databases we have access to. You can find our contact information on the About Us page of our blog.
Tuesday, 9 March 2010
Impact Factors
Impact Factors are used within Science and Medicine as a method of rating journals and the articles published in them. An impact factor is measured by calculating the number of times articles within the journal were cited during the previous two years, divided by the number of 'citable items' (i.e. articles, letter etc) published in the journal during that time.
Impact factors are one way that researchers evaluate the quality of a paper - by seeing how 'good' the journal it is published in is, based on how many other papers have referred back to items published within that journal.
However, the impact factor is given for a journal title, so does not evaluate specific articles - an article in a journal with a high impact factor may have very few citations and vice versa.
How to find the impact factor for a journal...
Go to the e-Library and select the Find Database option.
From the A-Z list select 'W' and choose Web of Knowledge.
On the Web of Knowledge homepage select the yellow "Additional Resources" tab.
On the next screen, select "Journal Citiation Reports". From the options that appear, select "Search for a Specific Journal" and submit. Enter the journal title and click Search.
The database indexes thousands of publications, however it does not cover every journal published, so if your journal is not found then it is not covered by the Journal Citation Reports.
Impact factors are one way that researchers evaluate the quality of a paper - by seeing how 'good' the journal it is published in is, based on how many other papers have referred back to items published within that journal.
However, the impact factor is given for a journal title, so does not evaluate specific articles - an article in a journal with a high impact factor may have very few citations and vice versa.
How to find the impact factor for a journal...
Go to the e-Library and select the Find Database option.
From the A-Z list select 'W' and choose Web of Knowledge.
On the Web of Knowledge homepage select the yellow "Additional Resources" tab.
On the next screen, select "Journal Citiation Reports". From the options that appear, select "Search for a Specific Journal" and submit. Enter the journal title and click Search.
The database indexes thousands of publications, however it does not cover every journal published, so if your journal is not found then it is not covered by the Journal Citation Reports.
Thursday, 11 February 2010
Creating a search strategy
Before you begin searching electronic databases you need to define the topic you are researching. By establishing a clear search strategy you can reduce the amount of time you spend searching and find the most relevant materials.
Identify your keywords...
Start by looking at your topic / assignment title / research question. What are the key words & phrases? Identify all the terms you need to answer the question. From there, consider any alternative spellings (pediatric / paediatric), and any synonyms (related terms). You may want to simply write a list of possible terms.
Connect your terms...
When you come to search within a database you will need to connect your key terms together. You do this using 'Boolean Operators' - the words AND, OR, NOT.
AND: connecting two terms together with AND means that both must be included in the result. This will make your search more specific and reduce the number of results returned. e.g. "heart attack AND obesity"
OR: connecting terms with OR will retrieve results that mention either so you will get a large number of results. OR searches are useful where you have synonyms or related terms and want to search for results mentioning any. e.g. "child OR children OR pediatric OR paediatric".
NOT: using a NOT search will exclude a specific topic from your results. Be careful not to exclude a topic that may actually be useful. e.g. "cancer NOT lung".
Too many results?
You may need to narrow down your search by linking keywords together using the AND boolean operator. Some databases also allow you to apply 'limits' such as excluding papers that are too old or not written in English.
Too few results?
You may need to widen your search terms. Consider alternative ways of saying the same thing and use the OR boolean operator to extend your search. If you have applied limits you may wish to revist these.
Identify your keywords...
Start by looking at your topic / assignment title / research question. What are the key words & phrases? Identify all the terms you need to answer the question. From there, consider any alternative spellings (pediatric / paediatric), and any synonyms (related terms). You may want to simply write a list of possible terms.
Connect your terms...
When you come to search within a database you will need to connect your key terms together. You do this using 'Boolean Operators' - the words AND, OR, NOT.
AND: connecting two terms together with AND means that both must be included in the result. This will make your search more specific and reduce the number of results returned. e.g. "heart attack AND obesity"
OR: connecting terms with OR will retrieve results that mention either so you will get a large number of results. OR searches are useful where you have synonyms or related terms and want to search for results mentioning any. e.g. "child OR children OR pediatric OR paediatric".
NOT: using a NOT search will exclude a specific topic from your results. Be careful not to exclude a topic that may actually be useful. e.g. "cancer NOT lung".
Too many results?
You may need to narrow down your search by linking keywords together using the AND boolean operator. Some databases also allow you to apply 'limits' such as excluding papers that are too old or not written in English.
Too few results?
You may need to widen your search terms. Consider alternative ways of saying the same thing and use the OR boolean operator to extend your search. If you have applied limits you may wish to revist these.
MeSH Headings
MeSH stands for Medical Subject Headings. These headings were developed by the National Library of Medicine and are a list of key terms and phrases known as a 'controlled vocabulary'. Databases such as Medline and the Cochrane Library allow the use of MeSH as a search tool.
The basic principle behind MeSH is that it defines the key words / phrases within medicine in a structured way. These headings are organised into 'trees' - starting with big general terms, branching off into smaller more specific ones.
MeSH uses synonyms and related terms to link you to the most appropriate heading. By entering your keyword you may find terms you had not considered or were not even aware of. Each article indexed by Medline is assigned up to 20 headings by independent indexers.
You can access MeSH headings when searching the Medline database (using the OVID system, go to Advanced Search).
Other databases make use of similar systems - CINAHL has a Subject Headings feature which is very similar to MeSH.
MeSH can also be searched as a thesaurus to find out which terms are MeSH and to explore the 'trees' of related terms. You can access the MeSH Browser at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.html.
The basic principle behind MeSH is that it defines the key words / phrases within medicine in a structured way. These headings are organised into 'trees' - starting with big general terms, branching off into smaller more specific ones.
MeSH uses synonyms and related terms to link you to the most appropriate heading. By entering your keyword you may find terms you had not considered or were not even aware of. Each article indexed by Medline is assigned up to 20 headings by independent indexers.
You can access MeSH headings when searching the Medline database (using the OVID system, go to Advanced Search).
Other databases make use of similar systems - CINAHL has a Subject Headings feature which is very similar to MeSH.
MeSH can also be searched as a thesaurus to find out which terms are MeSH and to explore the 'trees' of related terms. You can access the MeSH Browser at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.html.
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